Publisher
The Journal of Asian Politics & History is
published by the Asian Politics and History Association (APHA).
Address
Rm 1601-05, Chow Tai Fook CTR, No. 580 A-F
Nathan Rd, Mong Kok, Kowloon , Hong Kong
Contact
The Asian Politics and History Association
Tel: 852 2251 0778 Fax: 852 2770 2923
Email: apha@clarewood.org japh@clarewood.org
Web: www.aphahk.org
Subscription
Members: Receive 2 issues with annual
membership
Individual print: US$40.00, 2 issues per year
Institutional print: US$60.00, 2 issues per year
Postage: Add US$5.00 for non-Hong Kong
subscriptions
Payment: Online payment at www.aphahk.org
Advertising
General enquiries about advertising or sponsorship
should be sent to APHA at apha@clarewood.org
Disclaimer
Responsibility for statements or opinions
contained in all contributions and advertisements
is that of the authors or the advertisers. Editors, the Editorial Board, the Journal of Asian Politics
& History, and the Asian Politics and History
Association assume no responsibility for any
errors, missions, or consequences that may result
from the use of information contained in the
journal.
Copyright
Copyright 2012 by the Asian Politics and History Association
ISSN 2227-9105
APHA
Based in Hong Kong, the Asian Politics and
History Association is a non-political, non-profit
academic society organized by scholars of Asian
studies. Established in 2011, APHA members
are from Asian countries as well as from Europe,
North America and other regions of the world.
APHA Missions
To assist, support and promote the academic
works and activities of its members;
To establish, promote and strengthen academic
connections, cooperation and exchanges among its
members as well as among colleagues throughout
the world;
To contribute to the advancement of the study of
Asia politics and history, with a focus on the
international relations of Asia;
To make APHA a cultural and academic forum to
promote a worldwide understanding of Asia;
To contribute to the peace and development of the
region.
APHA President
William Case, City University of Hong Kong
APHA Vice President
Ruediger Frank, University of Vienna, Austria
APHA Membership
US$40 (or HK$310 or RMB 250) per year.
Membership Application and membership fee
payment can be done online at www.aphahk.org
APHA Chapters and Partnership
APHA would welcome the discussion of
establishing chapters in certain countries/regions.
Acknowledgment
The Journal of Asian Politics & History
acknowledges the support from Clarewood
Research Foundation, APHA Platinum (VIP)
members, and APHA Permanent (life) members.
The Journal
The Journal of Asian Politics & History (JAPH)
is a peer-reviewed academic journal published in
English twice a year. The journal is based in Hong
Kong.
Aims and Scope
The Journal of Asian Politics & History (JAPH)
publishes quality works that explore the dynamics of Asian politics, significance of Asian history,
and especially the international relations relating
to Asian countries. The journal would welcome
contributions from the fields of international
relations, comparative politics, political
development, regional integration, political
thought, political history, and history of political
thought.
Call for Papers
Submissions are welcome from any Asia-related
discipline in the form of original papers, policy
analyses, research notes, survey articles, and book
reviews. While contributions are from all scholars,
JAPH especially encourages scholars in their first
academic positions to submit articles. Deadlines
for submissions are October 31 for the Spring
Issue and April 30 for the Fall Issue.
Submission Instructions
Articles and other works submitted to the Journal
of Asian Politics & History (JAPH) should be
original contributions and should not be under
consideration by any other publication at the same
time. If another version of the article is under
consideration by another publication, or has been,
or will be published elsewhere, authors should
clearly indicate this at the time of submission.
Papers must be in English and in principle no
more than 15,000 words in length, including
footnotes and bibliography. All papers must be
sent in MS Word or .rtf format to the Editing
Office by e-mail at japh@clarewood.org and at
dzh9400@yahoo.com. Please find JAPH Author
Guidelines on the journal web page (www.aphahk.
org) for complete requirements.
Chief Editor
David Ho, Clarewood Institute, Hong Kong/USA
Senior Editor
William Case, City University of Hong Kong, HK
Book Review Editor
George Kallander, Syracuse University, USA
Manuscript Editors
Oleg Benesch, University of London, UK
Niclas D. Weimar, Cologne University, Germany
Nicole Velasco, Lee University, USA
Submission Editors
Tomohiko Kawaguchi, Nihon University, Japan
Choon H. Choi, Korea Institute for National
Unification, South Korea
Dongjin Chen, Kent State University, USA
Board Co-Chairs
Brantly Womack, University of Virginia, USA
Yongnian Zheng, National University of
Singapore, Singapore
Board Members
Kent and erson, Australia National University,
Australia
Stephanie Balme, Center for International Studies
and Research, France
Jeeyang Rhee Baum, JFK School of Government,
Harvard University, USA
Rudiger Frank, The University of Vienna, Austria
Edmund Terence Gomez, University of Malaya,
Malaysia
Chaiwat Khamchoo, Chulalongkorn University,
Thailand
Bo Rothstein, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Gilbert Rozman, Princeton University, USA
Riwanto Tirtosudarmo, the Indonesian Institute of
Sciences, Indonesia
George Wei, University of Macau, Macau






















